INFLUENCE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS STUDIES STUDENTS IN PUBLIC JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OJO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA LAGOS STATE
ABSTRACT
This study, examined the effect of family background and academic performance of business studies students in public junior secondary schools in Ojo Lagos state, Nigeria. The population consisted of all 17 public junior Secondary School students in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State. The research was carried out on students, six schools were randomly selected with 120 students using simple random sampling techniques. The effect of family background and academic performance of business studies students questionnaire was the main instruments used for data collection with Pearson product moment reliability coefficient. The statistic used was chi – square analysis for testing the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significant. The result of table 1 indicate that chi -calculated value was 20.54 and critical value was 9.49, x2 cal < x2crit Therefore, there was significant difference between parent educational level and academic performance of junior secondary school students in business studies. Similarly, the result in table 2 indicates that the calculated chi – value was 12.4 this value is greater than the chi – critical of 9.49 at alpha value of 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) = 4. This means that there is significant difference between parents’ occupation and academic performance of Business Studies in junior secondary schools It was recommended that parents should diversify their income so that they can provide fund for their children in school for better academic performance. It is also recommended that parents should be made to realize the important of motivation in determining their children academic performance in schools.
Keys words: Influence, Family, Background, Academic, Performance and Business Studies,
Table of Contents
Title page i Certification iii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi Chapter One – Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Research Hypotheses 8 1.6 Significance of the Study 8
1.7 Scope of the Study 9
1.8 Limitations of the Study 9
1.9 Operational Definition of the Term 10
Chapter Two – Review of Related Literature
2.1 Conceptual Framework 11
2.2 Theoretical Framework 18
2.3 Empirical Studies 21
2.4 Summary of Literature Review 26
Chapter Three – Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design 29
3.2 Population of the Study 29
3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique 30
3.4 Instrumentation 30
3.5 Validity of the Instruments 31
3.6 Reliability of the Instruments 31
3.7 Method of Data Collection 31
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 32
Chapter Four; Data Analysis and Presentation of Result
4.1. Demographic data analysis and presentation of data 34
4.2 Analysis of Research Hypothesis 37
4.3 Discussions of the findings 39
Chapter Five – Summary, Conclusion & Recommendation
5.1 Summary 41
5.2 Conclusions 42
5.3 Recommendations 43
5.4 Suggestion for further studies 45
References 46 Appendix 51
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Education is the most valuable inheritance a nation can provide for its population, particularly the younger generation. Education is crucial for the advancement of any community. Kohnstamm and Gunning (1995) define education as the amalgamation of personal progress, human development, and societal heritage.
Okafor (2011) defines education as encompassing all experiences that lead to the acquisition of information and the enlightenment of the intellect. Nwabachili and Egbue (2013) define education as the transmission of knowledge and values from one generation to the next, with the goal of socialising children to become productive members of society using various methods such as informal, formal, and non-formal processes. Informal education involves gaining knowledge about the environment and more by interacting with others in daily life.
Nwabachili and Egbue (2013) define formal education as a deliberate method of socialisation that takes place in a structured environment like a school. They emphasised that non-formal education encompasses all systematic programmes and training activities conducted outside traditional educational settings.
Family is the first social context in which a youngster finds himself/herself. According to Clifford (2011), family remains the major environment for a child. The author stressed that the home environment has more chances of improving or diminishing the intellectual development of the child. Akabue & Okolo (2010) defined family as a small, kingship-structured group with the essential role of the natural socialisation of the newborn. In Okunniyi’s (2014) study, family is described as a fundamental social unit consisting of parents, children, and sometimes additional household members.
Family background encompasses all the factors and situations inside the family that impact the child’s physical, intellectual, and emotional development. According to Muola (2010), children originating from varied family backgrounds are affected differently by such family settings, which is why some children have a good family background while others have a terrible family background. Citing Fleege & Eke (2011), they stated that with some families, the background may shift from time to time for the same individuals.
Formal education consequently remains the vehicle for human growth, which must start in the family. There are numerous categories of families. The major categories of families, according to Anderson and Taylor (2015), include: Traditional households, where the father is the principal breadwinner and the mother is at home rearing children. Divorced families are families that have been reconstructed following the breaking of marriage. Single-parent families are likely headed by women. Step families—with new siblings and new parents coming from re-marriage.
A family could also be characterised as extended or nuclear. Extended families are those in which a huge group of related kin, in addition to parents and children, live together in the household. This is the sort of family prevalent in African countries. Nuclear families are formed when a married couple resides together with their children. This form of family is common in western countries. Andersen and Taylor (2015), Families are of varying sizes; family size has to do with the total number of individuals in a single family, which may include the father, mother, children, and even extended family members—all living in one hamlet.
According to Alio (2010), family size has relevance for schooling. The author stressed that the size of the family determines, to a large extent, the relative amount of physical care and time that each child gets from his parents. Large families are more common, and large families may suffer from poverty and lack parental encouragement and stimulus that stimulate their scholastic progress. Earmon (2015), Similarly, lower family size has been associated with better academic attainment. Major Bank (2016) further underlined that students with fewer siblings are likely to receive more parental attention and have support that leads to greater school achievement. Family (small or large) remains the major environment for every child. The families begin the process of schooling and meet the physical and psychological needs of the child. In the view of Maduewisi (2012), environmental experiences from family, peer group, and school location have tremendous influence in defining a child’s intellectual ability. She argued that clever youngsters from underprivileged family settings may turn boring due to poverty in the family environment. She emphasised that mental development impacts intellectual development. This is in line with Hebb (2017), who discovered that the natural potentials of children cannot be realised without a properly stimulating family environment because the child cannot do well cognitively. The consequence is that a properly stimulating home atmosphere with intellectual potential and adequate teaching methods will undoubtedly boost the maximal performance of the child.
Parental occupation is also an important family background variable; the occupation of one’s parents may affect to a considerable extent one’s potential to attend secondary school or not. Ezeji (2011) highlighted that parents desire their children to take their occupation, like parents who are lawyers, doctors, or musicians, among others. Examples of such people in the country include Gani Fawehinmi, the important human rights lawyer; Oliver Akalite (Oliver De Coque); and Sikiru Ayinde Barrister (Mr. Fuji), who are famous musicians. Each of these excellent guys had one or more of their offspring in their type of vocation. Uwacomn (2016) said that most vocational students were youngsters whose parents are farmers or craftsmen’s.
It is against this background that the researcher is examining the influence of family background on the academic performance of business studies students in public junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area, Lagos State.
The researcher evaluated the variables in the family background with the aim of determining their relative effect on the academic performance of business studies students in public junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Most pupils in Nigerian secondary schools are in increased danger of poor academic accomplishment in both internal and external examinations.
Education generally is a continual process of enculturation that begins in the cradle and ends in the grave.
The type of education one receives impacts his future potential. Parents and guardians have an ill-feeling over the growing rate of poor academic achievement of pupils in school nowadays.
What they finally do is call the professors to question the student’s poor performance. Little do they know that there are other elements apart from the teacher’s qualities, which is the home background. Home background does influence students’ academic achievement, either negatively or positively, as the case may be.
The home, being a key unit of socialisation where most of the child’s learning takes place, cannot be singled out or left out in determining the cause of poor academic achievement.
The government, parents, instructors, and students blame one another for students’s low performance in school. Parents accuse teachers of a lack of attention to their duties. The teachers blame the government for poor salaries, hence they are poorly motivated; parents also accuse the government of not equipping the schools with learning materials; the government blames parents for not doing good homework; and the students are blamed for a lack of discipline and dedication to their studies. It is upon these problems that this study was undertaken in order to provide a solution to the unfavourable influence of family background on kids’ academic performance.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of family background on the academic performance of business studies students in public junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State. Specifically, the objectives of the study were as follows:
- To examine parents academic qualification on the academic performance of Business Studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State.
- To examine the effect of parental occupation on the academic performance of Business Studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State
- To ascertain the effect of parental income on students’ academic performance in Business Studies in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State.
- To examine the effect of family size on students’ academic performance in Business Studies in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were raised based on the purpose of the study:
1 What is the effect of parental level of education on the academic performance of Business Studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State?
2 What influence does parental occupation have on the academic performance business studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State?
3 Does the income level of parents affect students’ academic performance of in business studies in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State?
4 What is the influence of family size on students’ academic performance in business studies in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
In order to achieve the foregoing objectives, two hypotheses were postulated in this study.
HO1: There is no significant difference between parents’ educational level and academic performance of Business Studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State.
HO2: There is no significant difference between parents’ occupation and academic performance of Business Studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The finding of this study will be useful to the following; the teachers, students, parents, school guidance counselors, parent teachers association (PTA), educational administrators and the society at large.
The finding of the study will be of immense help to the teachers. The teachers will realize the necessity of individualizing their teaching by structuring their teaching methods and instructional resources to take care of the divergent parental backgrounds of the students.
The findings will be of immense importance to students. The students will realize that their poor performance might not necessarily be their fault alone. Especially those from low status families.
Through the findings of this study, parents will realize the importance of improving their educational standard so as to influence their children’s academic performance.
The findings will help the society at large in identifying how family environment variables – such as parents’ level of education, parents income, parents occupation, and family size influence the academic performance of students
Finally, the research will add to available literature and encourage further research on this topic.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is limited to Business Studies students in junior secondary schools in Ojo Local Government Area of Lagos State. The context scope of this study is limited to finding the influence of family background on academic performance of students with particular regards to parental level of education, parental occupation, parental income and family size.
1.8 Limitations on the Study
The only limitation faced by the researcher in the course of carrying out the study, is the delay in getting data from the various respondents. Most respondents was feeling reluctant in filling questionnaires administer to them due to their busy schedules and the nature of their work.
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms
- Academic – The process of teaching and learning in school. It involves reading, studying and examinations.
- Educational Level – The rank of a person’s formal education attainment
- Family – A group consisting of blood related people including those adapted to the group.
- Family Background – refers to circumstances and past events that help to explain how a child develops or can be seen as the family way of life. Such as parents’ level of education, parents income, parents occupation.
- Family Size – it is the total number of children in the child’s family in addition to the child himself.
- Family Financial Status – This is the money that a person earns at a given time and place. It can be in form of monthly salary or wages as well as returns got from a business.
- Performance – Refers to degree of attainment of the required grades in school
situation.
- Married Status – The condition of being married or unmarried.
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