ABSTRACT
A SURVEY ON UTILIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL RADIO BROADCAST FOR LEARNING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS : This study is entitled: a survey of frequency of educational broadcast in selected radio/television stations and utilization by selected schools in Lagos state. The study was guided by four research questions and four hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 significance level. Descriptive survey research design was adopted in this study. The target population of the study was all secondary schools in Ojo L.G.A in Lagos state. A sample of 220 students was drawn from the population through simple random procedure. Data collected from the study were analyzed using frequency, simple percentage, mean or expected value and chi-square analysis. The study found out that there is a significant influence of educational radio broadcasting on literacy skills acquisition amongst learners in Lagos. There is a significant difference in the level of skills acquisition among learners in Lagos State based on frequency of educational radio broadcasting. There is also a significant difference in the level of skills acquisition among learners in Lagos State based on gender. There is a significant difference in the level of literacy skills acquisition among learners in Lagos State based on age.
Keyword: Educational broadcast, Radio, Media, Educational Radio Broadcast, Technology
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Title i
Certification ii Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 9
1.3 Purpose of the Study 9
1.4 Research Questions 10
1.5 Research Hypothesis 10
1.6 Significance of Study 11
1.7 Scope of the Study 11
1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms 12
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Theoretical Framework 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 The Broadcast Media 19
2.3 Importance of Educational Radio and Television 23
2.4 Radio in Education 28
2.5 Educational Television 34
2.6 Audience Feedback on Radio and Television 38
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Research Design 42
3.3 Population of the Study 43
3.4 Sample Techniques 43
3.5 Research Instrument 44
3.6 Validation of the Instrument 44
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument 44
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Data Presentation 47
4.3 Identification of Respondents 47
4.4 Test of Hypothesis 50
4.5 Summary of Findings 53
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction 56
5.2 Discussion of Findings 56
5.3 Summary 58
5.4 Conclusions 59
5.5 Recommendations 60
5.6 Suggestion for Further Study 61
References 62
Appendix 67
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study of A Survey On Utilization Of Educational Radio Broadcast For Learning In Secondary Schools
Radio is a powerful mass medium used in education for disseminating information, imparting instruction and giving entertainment. It serves with equal ease in both developed and developing countries. It spreads information to a greater group of population thereby saving time, energy, money and man-power in an effective way. Radio is a simple and cheap medium readily available as a small toy. Now small and handy transistors are available with even poorest of people. A small transistor can carry the message to any place on – the earth. It needs very little for maintenance and cheaper production can be taken up with more and more resources. Radio speaks to an individual so also to millions at a time. Hence, any listener can think the broadcast is meant for him whereas when listened in group all think the massage directed towards them. Each student takes the broadcast as very intimate to him. Due to its portability and easy accessibility radio could found its place everywhere whether it was a field, a school, a kitchen or a study room. Radio is a blind man‟s medium and is meant for ears only. It plays with sound and silence where the sound can be any thing like voice or word, music and effect. When one hears radio, simultaneously one can imagine happenings in his/her mind. So it is called as theatre of blind or a stage for the mind. Radio can be listened to simultaneously along with another work like reading also. Radio can be used as an effective and interesting tool in education both for formal and non-formal education. Where conditions have permitted, it has become well established and wide spread; yet, it seems to us that insufficient educational use is made of this virtually universal method of distribution. People often seem to have been deterred by the repeatedly greater efficiency of other media which, however, have the major defect, compared with radio of being unable to cope for such widespread distributions – or anything like it for a long time to come. The very low cost and adequate reliability in all climates of miniature transistor radios mean that radio broadcasting should more and more be recognised as a particularly suitable medium for educational purpose. Radio, in reality, has been used extensively as an educational medium both in developed and developing countries since beginning. Its educational programmes supported in a wide range of subject areas in different countries. Educational radio has also been employed within a wide variety of instructional design contexts. In some cases it is supported by the use of printed material, by local discussion group, and by regional study centres. It is sometimes so designed to permit and encourage listeners‟ reaction and comments. Evaluations are also carried out with the feedbacks received.
Modern technology has transformed the way students learn and interact with their environment. Radio and Television are broadcast media meant to disseminate audio and video signal, messages, information or programs to wide range of audience. Broadcast media are regarded as eye and hear of the people because they look for information on behalf of the general public. Media have always formed an important part of modern education since the beginning of the twentieth century. From print to radio, television, and today’s Web-enabled e-learning, each medium has been seen as a potential solution for the problems, inadequacies and certain ills of education. Invariably, the purpose of inducting media into education has been two-fold: to increase the reach and thereby access; and to enrich the quality of educational content.
Modern technology has transformed the way students learn and interact with their environment. Radio and Television are broadcast media meant to disseminate audio and video signal, messages, information or programs to wide range of audience. Broadcast media are regarded as eye and hear of the people because they look for information on behalf of the general public. Media have always formed an important part of modern education since the beginning of the twentieth century. From print to radio, television, and today’s Web-enabled e-learning, each medium has been seen as a potential solution for the problems, inadequacies and certain ills of education. Invariably, the purpose of inducting media into education has been two-fold: to increase the reach and thereby access; and to enrich the quality of educational content. The birth of a new medium has not however, supplanted the previous one; since each has found its own niche.
Modern technology has transformed the way students learn and interact with their environment. Radio and Television are broadcast media meant to disseminate audio and video signal, messages, information or programs to wide range of audience. Broadcast media are regarded as eye and hear of the people because they look for information on behalf of the general public. Media have always formed an important part of modern education since the beginning of the twentieth century. From print to radio, television, and today’s Web-enabled e-learning, each medium has been seen as a potential solution for the problems, inadequacies and certain ills of education. Invariably, the purpose of inducting media into education has been two-fold: to increase the reach and thereby access; and to enrich the quality of educational content. The birth of a new medium has not however, supplanted the previous one; since each has found its own niche.
Broadcast media on its own help the populace to be conscious and aware of various events near and far away from them. Radio and television are now inseparable with the society because of the numerous roles they play including educational function. Educational broadcasting refers to television programming and radio programming providing or related to courses of study. The term “educational” is also applied at times to other programs that are particularly enlightening, informative or intellectually stimulating. Educational broadcast is the term given to the medium’s use in formal learning systems, whether primary or higher education (Berman, 2008). It is typically used as a means for course material delivery, and often integrated with various kinds of interaction: for example, in classrooms, discussion groups, or via the telephone. Community radio, on the other hand, involves informal learning processes whereby communities plan, own, and operate their own radio stations. The informal learning topics of community radio typically include child nutrition, family planning, and agricultural tips. Community radio necessarily involves a non-profit enterprise, community ownership and participation, and usually a participatory approach to learning.
Media into education has been two-fold: to increase the reach and thereby access; and to enrich the quality of educational content. The birth of a new medium has not however, supplanted the previous one; since each has found its own niche.
Broadcast media on its own help the populace to be conscious and aware of various events near and far away from them. Radio and television are now inseparable with the society because of the numerous roles they play including educational function. Educational broadcasting refers to television programming and radio programming providing or related to courses of study. The term “educational” is also applied at times to other programs that are particularly enlightening, informative or intellectually stimulating. Educational broadcast is the term given to the medium’s use in formal learning systems, whether primary or higher education (Berman, 2008). It is typically used as a means for course material delivery, and often integrated with various kinds of interaction: for example, in classrooms, discussion groups, or via the telephone. Community radio, on the other hand, involves informal learning processes whereby communities plan, own, and operate their own radio stations. The informal learning topics of community radio typically include child nutrition, family planning, and agricultural tips. Community radio necessarily involves a non-profit enterprise, community ownership and participation, and usually a participatory approach to learning.
Wherever the mass media have been established, education has been put at the forefront of the fruits to be reaped or as on objective for the development of the mass media. Since education has been linked to the creation of communication systems that can reach wide populations, educational broadcasting has been identified with development and nation building. However, they are powerful socializing agents to reach large heterogeneous and widely dispersed audience. It is observed that millions of people over huge areas can be reached very quickly via radio and television by spreading news, information, entertainment and so on. Indeed, they represent powerful tools of socializing people and students in particular through their different educative programs which increase the level of literacy in the society.
Sambo (2012) noted that broadcast media are tools that invest the past with an air of reality. They provide the learners with realistic experience, which capture their attention and help in the understanding of the historical phenomena. They appeal to the mind through the visual auditory senses. Also, Ortyoyande (2006) noted that we receive knowledge through our senses; they also noted that if we hear we forget, if we see we remember, and if we do something we know it. So, access to educational radio and television makes learning process more effective and productive. Also, those educational programs can be recorded to benefit Learners by listening and viewing the lesson programs severally, hence aids their retention. Therefore, educational radio and television encourage learning, make it easier and interesting.
It should be noted that radio and television can effectively be utilized to teach individual or public the norms and values of society and reinforce same. Recent development in television has drastically affected educational procedure for improved quality of education offered to students. Television resource in instructional delivery will serve dual purposes and more efficient classroom instruction (Onabajo, 2000). The advancement which radio and television offer in education can be evident through accessibility to educative programs and instructional delivery like quiz, debate and so on. Productive situational delivery enhances learners’ creative and intellectual development through the use of television images, graphics, audio, test motion for high quality learning. Babalola (2005) states that radio and television offers five distinct roles in education which are: Socialization, Religion, Subject, Brain test and Sex Education.
Local Radio stations in Nigeria have specific programs aired to educate the audience on different contents related to Basic science and technology curriculum. For instance, the radio programs ““Abule Oloke Meje” and “Auto-maintenance” broadcasted from Ajilete 97.5 FM in Ogbomoso teaches the listeners about sexually transmitted diseases, community development and topics on several parts of a vehicle, the functions of the parts and how they can be maintained. Listeners are given ample opportunity to participate in the programs through phone calls. Likewise, the television program “Where there is no doctor” aired by Broadcasting Corporation of Oyo State (BCOS), Ibadan, teaches the listeners on various diseases and the causative micro-organisms. The program also enlightens viewers on sex education and effects of drug abuse.
Another local television station, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Ogbomoso airs a program that sensitizes the learners on their environment and how to preserve the environment. The program enlightens the listeners on pollution, different energy sources and their resultant effects on the environment. Similar programs that are educational can be accessed by students on satellite television stations like Learn-TV and Ed television on Multichoice cable also known as DSTV or Da-Vinci, NTA-Knowledge and BBC-Knowledge on Star times cable television. Hence, this study intends to survey the utilization of educational radio broadcast for learning in secondary schools
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Radio educational programmes are programmes produced and aired by radio stations to educate their audience. These programmes have capacity to take education to the hard-to reach segments of the society. They have also been used as a means of improving quality of instruction. Because of their importance, different countries, including Nigeria, introduced them for different levels of education- primary, secondary schools. For example, all the radio stations in Nigeria have one or more educational programmes targeted at school population. Similarly, radio stations in the country have also produced series of educational programmes packaged and broadcast for the consumption of senior secondary school students within their communities.
1.3 Purpose of the Study of A Survey On Utilization Of Educational Radio Broadcast For Learning In Secondary Schools
The general purpose of this study is to examine the effects of utilisation of computer game on learners’ performance in computer studies among junior secondary school students. Other specific objectives of the study are:
- To find out if secondary school students aware of educational radio programs
- To find out if secondary school students have access to educational radio programs
- To investigate the problems militating against students’ use of educational for learning?
- To investigate the extent t which educational radio influence students’ learning process and academic performance?
1.4 Research Questions
- Are secondary school students aware of educational radio programs?
- Do secondary school students have access to educational radio programs?
- What are the problems militating against students’ use of educational for learning?
- To what extent does educational radio influence students’ learning process and academic performance?
1.5 Research Hypothesis on the Survey On Utilization Of Educational Radio Broadcast For Learning In Secondary Schools
The following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance
Ho1 There is no significant influence of educational radio broadcasting on literacy skills acquisition amongst learners in Lagos.
Ho2 There is no significant difference in the level of skills acquisition among learners in Lagos State based on frequency of educational radio broadcasting.
Ho3 There is no significant difference in the level of skills acquisition among learners in Lagos State based on gender.
Ho4 There is no significant difference in the level of literacy skills acquisition among learners in Lagos State based on age.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study primarily focus on the utilization of educational radio broadcast for learning in secondary schools with the specific importance to improve the learning process of secondary school students and also add to the knowledge and the exposure level of students, academic impact, challenges and attitude of students towards academic performance.
Secondary, the findings will be a guide to students to understand the influence of educational radio broadcast on learning process and academic performance of secondary school students.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study encompasses the effects of utilization of using survey frequency of educational broadcasting as radio, on learners’ performance in teaching and learning of secondary school students with a special reference to Education District V, Ojo Zone. It will thematically explore issues relating to onseen images, places, and also create awareness to students, and develop their academic performance in the district area with a view to providing a framework for future solutions.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Broadcasting: Is the transmission of programmes or information by radio or television. Television: an electronic system of transmitting transient images of fixed or moving objects together with sound over a wire or through space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound Academic Performance:
RADIO: the wireless transmission and reception of electric impulses or signals by means of electromagnetic waves
Radio educational programmes: this refers to all educationally related programmes produce and broadcasted by radio stations
Programme: this refers to a series of daily sequential line-up of activities scheduled for an event or occasion
Instructional Media: simply refers to radio and television stations airing programmes with instructional intent.
Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI): IRI is a education system that combines radio broadcasts with active learning to improve educational quality and teaching practices.
Instruction: instruction is a deliberate arrangement of experience(s) to help a learner achieve a desirable change in performance.
Instructional Material: as used in this study, instructional material is a collection of item designed for teaching/learning. In this case the instructional material use for Mooko Mooka is called the primer.
Learning: learning is a lasting change in behaviors or beliefs that results from experience.
Listening: The researcher adopted the International Listening Association definition of listening which states that listening is the process of recognizing receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding too spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
Effectiveness: this refers to the outcome of listening to educational radio programme.
Illiteracy: As used in this study refers to those who can not read and write their language of communication
Literacy: literacy is the ability to read and write, with understanding, a short simple sentence about one’s daily life.
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